Bc-before christdom
Bce- before Christian era(same as bc)
Ad- Anno domini( after death)
Ce- Christian era(same as Ad)
Mya-million years ago
Bya – Billion years ago
Bp- before present (same as years ago)
C. = circa (approximately)
Million years of Human evolution tree c.
46 Mya- separate evolution line from Lemurs, Lorises and Galagos
37 Mya- separate evolution line from New world monkeys
25 Mya- separate evolution line from Old world monkeys
18 Mya- separate evolution line from Gibbons
8 Mya- separate evolution line from Gorillas
7 Mya- separate evolution line from Chimpanzees (pan troglodytes)
Much closer relatives called hominids ( no longer in existence)c.
7 Mya- Sahelanthropus tchadensis-Africa (centre north)-small canine
6 Mya- Orrorin tugenesis(east Africa)- upwalk walking
5.8 Mya- Ardipithecus kadabba(east Africa )- bipedal too
4.4 Mya- Ardipithecus ramidus (east Africa)- bipedal tree climber
4.2 Mya- Australopithecus anamensis(east Africa)- lost climbing toes
3.8 Mya- Australopithecus afarensis (east Africa)
3.8 Mya- Australopithecus bahrelgazali(centre North Africa)
3.6 Mya- kenyanthropus platyops (a bit south east Africa)
3.4 Mya- Australopithecus africanus(Southern Africa)
2.8 Mya- Paranthropus aethiopicus(east Africa)
2.5 Mya- Australopithecus Garhi (east Africa Ethiopia )
2.4 Mya- Homo habilis ( east Africa)- first known stone tools
2.3 Mya- Paranthropus boisei(east Africa)
1.8 Mya- Homo ergaster (South Africa east coast )
1.8 Mya-Homo erectus(out of Africa to Middle East Eurasia)
-large brain, dexterous fingers, long legs,
– 800,000 ya -cooking
1.8 Mya-Homo rudolfensis( east Africa)
1.7 Mya – Paranthropus robustus
1.7 Mya – Australopithecus Sediba
1.2 Mya- Homo antecessor (France Spain uk )
700,000 years ago- Homo heidelbergensis – reaches China and south east Asia
500,000 years ago- Homo Neanderthalensis (Europe )
400,000 years ago – Homo naledi
200,000 years ago- Homo sapiens( Africa to world)
Indian context ancient c.
4000000-100000 Bce- homo erectus near Narmada valley central, Sloan river hominids and Bhimbetka erectus, madrasian culture in attirapakkam
Bp/years ago
Paleolithic – 2M – 12k (ncert)
Mesolithic – 12k- 10k
Neolithic – 10k
Mehargarh-8k (Collin)
Harappa – 4700 (ncert)
30000 Bce-homo sapiens jwalapuram
9000 bce -Bhimbetka rock shelters
8000- agriculture
7000 bce- cotton cultivation mehargarh
4000-1500- chalcolithic age
4000 bce- starting of Indus Valley civilization
1800 bce- adichanallur burial site
Rig veda – 3500
Megaliths- 3000
Imamgaon-3600-2700
Mahajanpada- 2500
Charaka-2000